Reference+Page

"Earthquakes." //Environmental Science//: //In Context//. Ed. Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee Lerner. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2009. 218-223. //Opposing Viewpoints In Context//. Web. 26 Oct. 2011.

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- about 8,000 earthquakes happen everyday, but many are minor and in remote areas. - earthquakes are only harmful because of the things that humans build, without them, the effects of earthquakes aren't long lasting. - earthquakes can collapse buildings, bridges, harm pipelines, and releases harmful gases from industries. - the magnitude of an earthquake is measured by the Richter Scale - earthquakes happen just as much as they did earlier in history - and earthquake is the sudden movement of the earth along a fault - earthquakes can result in tsunamis and landslides - ancient cities destroyed by earthquakes include: Knossos, Chattusas, and Mycenae, which were all on tectonically active mountain ranges - since 1950, only 5 earthquakes have killed over 60 people in the United States.

Petroff, Catherine M. "Tsunamis." //Water: Science and Issues//. Ed. E. Julius Dasch. Vol. 4. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. 188-191. //Gale Virtual Reference Library//. Web. 26 Oct. 2011.

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- a powerful wave caused by a movement of the ocean floor - tsunami waves can be up to 20 min away from each other, when regular waves are 15 seconds apart - tsunamis slow down when they get close to land due to the shallower waters - some are caused by landslides, but quickly dissipate, unlike the ones caused by earthquakes - tsunamis can happen in any big bodies of water, but mostly in the Pacific because of the seismic activity. - when in deep sea tsunamis can travel as fast as a jet plane - they are classified by wavelength to how deep the water is

Barnett, William C. "Hurricanes." //Dictionary of American History//. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 197-198. //Student Resources in Context//. Web. 31 Oct. 2011.

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- hurricanes are powerful storms that start in tropical waters - to be considered a hurricane and not a tropical storm it must have winds of 74 mph - in the western hemisphere they are called hurricanes, in the eastern hemisphere they are called cyclones or typhoons, scientist say tropical cyclones because that refers to both - hurricane season is June through November because their source is warm water - tidal surges are a result of hurricanes, they cause most damage - areas that are hit the most are states on the gulf, Atlantic coast states (Florida to Carolina), and sometimes New England gets hit - our countries most devastating hurricane was the one that hit Galveston Texas killing over 8,000 due to its low sea level - property damage from hurricanes but deaths are decreasing due to better emergency plans

"Tornado." //World of Earth Science//. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2003. 594-596. //Gale Virtual Reference Library//. Web. 31 Oct. 2011.

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- tornadoes are high speed winds compact into a rotating column - it is formed in severe thunderstorm clouds and grows downwards - most tornadoes occur in the US, specifically Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas - the funnel is only officially a tornado if it touches the ground - they only last about 5-10 minutes - sometimes a tornado will lift off of the ground, leaving a strange path of destruction and the things unharmed - when a tornado destroys something it seems to blow up because the winds come in through windows and doors, the pressure builds, it is destroyed from inside out. - The worst tornado on record was the Tri-State Tornado, it went through Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri, killing 689 and injuring about 2,000. - It is hard for Tornadoes to be predicted but they can see if the conditions are correct and use Doppler Radar

"Volcanoes." //Environmental Science//: //In Context//. Ed. Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee Lerner. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2009. 818-820. //Opposing Viewpoints In Context//. Web. 31 Oct. 2011.

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- a place in the Earth's crust where magma, ash, and different gases come out of - Yellowstone National Park is the caldera of a Super Volcano - most volcanoes happen around subduction zones, and since the pacific ocean has many, there are lots of volcanoes, making this area the ring on fire - shield volcanoes form over hot spots - Mt. Saint Helens is an example of a devastating volcano, it killed 62 people in its most recent eruption - there are volcanoes on other planets too - shield volcanoes don't explode, they just calmly flow - ash clouds from volcanoes can kill animals and plants